Table 7

Estimated impact on health expenditure (in Vietnamese Dong, VND)

Cross-section 2004

Panel 2002–2004

Variable

Average for treated

Average for untreated

Difference in averages

% difference

Boot-strapped Std. Err.

P-value

Double differences/differences-in-differences (absolute)

Real per capita annual household health expenditure in the 12-month recall period

122.061

142.286

-20.226

-14%

12.597

0.108

-2.95

Real annual household health expenditure

615.193

757.514

-142.322

-19%

56.166

0.011

-52.06

Real annual household expenditure on OP care

215.971

230.841

-14.870

-6%

25.490

0.560

55.07

Real annual household expenditure on IP care

247.785

338.748

-90.963

-27%

37.684

0.016

-134.55

Real annual household expenditure on self-medication

144.558

171.236

-26.678

-16%

12.307

0.030

19.37

% of households with catastrophic health expenditure (20%)

0.210

0.258

-0.048

-18%

0.015

0.002

-0.04

% of households with catastrophic health expenditure (40%)

0.074

0.072

0.002

3%

0.010

0.800

0.01

Note: Statistically significant results (95% confidence level) are in boldface.

Axelson et al. International Journal for Equity in Health 2009 8:20   doi:10.1186/1475-9276-8-20