|
Prescription drug charges and the demand for other health services |
|||
| Good/service affected |
Variable |
Effect |
Study |
|
|
|||
| OTC drugs |
Co-insurance |
- |
Liebowitz [32] (US, ES, CD, R) |
| Insurance coverage |
|||
| Supplementary (vs. none) |
+ |
Caussat and Glaude [34] (FR, OS, CD, R) |
|
| Supplementary (vs. none) |
- |
Stuart and Grana [33] (US, OS, CD, R) |
|
| Prescription limit |
+ |
Cox et al. [35] (US, OS, CD, R) |
|
| physician services |
Co-payment |
- |
Anis et al. [129] (CA, OS, PD, R); Balkrishnan et al. [130] (US, NS, PD, R); Lauterbach et al. [131] (GE, OS, CD, R); Winkelmann [132] (GE, NS, PD, R); Winkelmann [133] (GE, NS, CD, R) |
| Co-payment |
0 |
Gardner et al. [29] (US, NS, TD, R) |
|
| Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers) |
0 |
Motheral and Fairman [28] (US, NS, CD, R) |
|
| Reference pricing |
- |
Hazlet and Blough [36] (CA, NS, TD, R) |
|
| Mixed system |
+ |
Li et al. [31] (CA, NS, PD, R) |
|
| Change from |
|||
| co-insurance to deductible and co-insurance |
0 |
Pilote et al. [30] (CA, NS, CD, R) |
|
| Insurance coverage |
|||
| Public Supplementary (vs. private) |
+ |
Raynaud [134] (FR, OS, CD, R) |
|
| Reimbursement limit |
- |
Hsu et al. [135] (US, OS, PD, R) |
|
| outpatient services |
Co-payment |
+ |
Balkrishnan et al. [130] (US, NS, PD, R) |
| Mixed system |
+ |
Gaynor et al. [99] (US, OS, PD, R) |
|
| Insurance coverage |
|||
| Public supplementary (vs. none) |
+ |
Raynaud [134] (FR, OS, CD, R) |
|
| inpatient services |
Co-payment |
+ |
Anis et al. [129] (CA, OS, PD, R); Atella et al. [76] (IT, NS, CD, R); Balkrishnan et al. [130] (US, NS, PD, R) |
| Co-payment |
0 |
Gardner et al. [29] (US, NS, TD, R) |
|
| Reference pricing |
0 |
Hazlet and Blough [36] (CA, NS, TD, R) |
|
| Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers) |
0 |
Motheral and Fairman [28] (US, NS, CD, R) |
|
| Mixed system |
0 |
Gaynor et al. [99] (US, OS, PD, R) |
|
| Insurance coverage |
|||
| Supplementary (vs. none) |
- |
Schoen et al. [74] (US, NS, CD, NR) |
|
| Public supplementary drug (vs. private) |
- |
Lingle et al. [136] (US, OS, CD, R) |
|
| Prescription limit |
0 |
Soumerai et al. [38] (US, NS, TD, R) |
|
| Prescription limit |
+ |
Soumerai et al. [37] (US, NS, TD, R) |
|
| Reimbursement limit |
+ |
Hsu et al. [135] (US, OS, PD, R) |
|
| ER visits |
Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers) |
0 |
Motheral and Fairman [28] (US, NS, CD, R) |
| Reference pricing |
+ |
Hazlet and Blough [36] (CA, NS, TD, R) |
|
| Change from |
|||
| co-payment to co-insurance and annual maximum |
+ |
Tamblyn et al. [72] (CA, NS, TD, R) |
|
| co-insurance to deductible and co-insurance |
0 |
Pilote et al. [30] (CA, NS, CD, R) |
|
| Reimbursement limit |
+ |
Hsu et al. [135] (US, OS, PD, R) |
|
| Prescription limit |
+ |
Soumerai et al. [37] (US, NS, TD, R) |
|
| emergency mental health services |
Prescription limit |
+ |
Soumerai et al. [38] (US, NS, TD, R) |
| nursing home admissions |
Prescription limit |
+ |
Soumerai et al. [38] (US, NS, TD, R) |
|
Country: CA = Canada; FR = France; GE = Germany; IT = Italy; US = United States Type of study: ES = experimental study; NS = natural study; OS = observational study Type of data analyzed: CD = cross-sectional data; TD = time-series data; PD = panel data Type of statistical analysis used: R = regression techniques; NR = no regression techniques | |||
Gemmill et al. International Journal for Equity in Health 2008 7:12 doi:10.1186/1475-9276-7-12 |
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