Table 3 |
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Results of the multilevel analysis of the variables related to the use of maternal health services in Madhya Pradesh (15,782 Women from 2,246 Primary Sampling Units in 45 Districts) |
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Characteristics |
Odds Ratios (Confidence Interval) |
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Antenatal Care |
Skilled attendance at delivery |
Postnatal care |
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Fixed Effects |
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Individual variables |
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Mother's age at last birth |
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= > 35 |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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25-34 |
1.27 (1.05-1.53) |
1.13 (0.93-1.36) |
0.95 (0.73-1.23) |
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15-24 |
1.28 (1.05-1.55) |
1.22 (1.01-1.48) |
0.86 (0.65-1.11) |
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Mother's level of education |
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Illiterate |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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Primary |
1.37 (1.21-1.54) |
1.20 (1.07-1.33) |
1.00 (0.86-1.15) |
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Middle |
1.69 (1.47-1.94) |
1.44 (1.26-1.63) |
1.17 (0.99-1.37) |
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Higher Secondary & above |
2.57 (2.11-3.12) |
2.35 (1.98-2.79) |
1.39 (1.14-1.70) |
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Mother's occupation |
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Unemployed |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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Farmers/Agricultural Workers/Labourer |
0.89 (0.80-0.98) |
0.72 (0.66-0.79) |
0.92 (0.81-1.04) |
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Professional/Service/Production Worker |
1.37 (1.10-1.70) |
0.83 (0.68-1.00) |
0.97 (0.77-1.23) |
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Birth order |
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= > 3 |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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2 |
1.37 (1.21-1.53) |
1.19 (1.06-1.32) |
1.11 (0.95-1.27) |
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1 |
1.69 (1.51-1.90) |
1.87 (1.68-2.07) |
1.27 (1.11-1.46) |
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Cast |
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Scheduled Tribes |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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Scheduled Casts |
1.64 (1.41-1.91) |
1.52 (1.32-1.74) |
0.85 (0.70-1.03) |
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Others |
1.53 (1.33-1.73) |
1.41 (1.24-1.59) |
0.92 (0.77-1.08) |
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Religion |
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Hindu |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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Muslim |
1.52 (1.16-1.97) |
1.26 (1.01-1.56) |
0.81 (0.63-1.03) |
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Others |
0.79 (0.41-1.48) |
0.96 (0.53-1.73) |
1.46 (0.75-2.83) |
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Household socio-economic status |
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Poorest |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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Poor |
1.16 (1.04-1.29) |
1.07 (0.96-1.18) |
0.99 (0.85-1.14) |
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Medium |
1.54 (1.34-1.76) |
1.15 (1.01-1.30) |
1.13 (0.95-1.35) |
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Rich |
2.16 (1.80-2.57) |
1.21 (1.03-1.41) |
1.03 (0.84-1.26) |
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Richest |
4.53 (3.47-5.91) |
2.32 (1.86-2.90) |
1.50 (1.16-1.93) |
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Poverty index |
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Possess BPL Card |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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No BPL Card |
0.90 (0.82-0.98) |
0.98 (0.90-1.06) |
0.88 (0.79-0.98) |
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Education level of husband |
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Illiterate |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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Primary |
1.21 (1.06-1.36) |
1.06 (0.94-1.19) |
1.03 (0.87-1.21) |
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Middle |
1.38 (1.21-1.56) |
1.15 (1.02-1.29) |
0.98 (0.83-1.15) |
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Higher Secondary & above |
1.45 (1.27-1.66) |
1.22 (1.08-1.38) |
1.14 (0.96-1.35) |
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Received any ANC |
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Not received |
- |
ref |
ref |
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Received |
- |
3.52 (3.21-3.84) |
2.62 (2.31-2.95) |
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Skilled assistance at delivery |
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Delivery by unskilled personnel |
- |
- |
ref |
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Delivery by skilled personnel |
- |
- |
58.32 (50.20-67.74) |
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Community level variables |
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Type of residence |
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Rural |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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Urban |
1.64 (1.35-1.98) |
1.88 (1.62-2.18) |
0.94 (0.78-1.11) |
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District level variables |
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Percent of tribal population in the district of residence |
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> 50 |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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26-50 |
1.23 (0.48-3.10) |
0.95 (0.57-1.55) |
0.60 (0.26-1.35) |
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0-25 |
0.89 (0.35-2.21) |
1.07 (0.65-1.75) |
0.52 (0.23-1.16) |
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Ratio of PHC to population in the district |
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> 30000 |
ref |
ref |
ref |
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Up to 30000 |
1.04 (0.53-2.02) |
0.75 (0.52-1.07) |
1.03 (0.57-1.84) |
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Random effects |
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Community (PSU) random variance (SEa) |
0.977 (0.071) |
0.410 (0.042) |
0.541 (0.065) |
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Community (PSU) VPCb (%) |
32.90 |
14.92 |
23.68 |
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District random variance (SE) |
0.636 (0.145) |
0.167 (0.041) |
0.480 (0.111) |
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District VPC (%) |
12.97 |
4.32 |
11.13 |
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a SE: Standard error b VPC: variance partition coefficient |
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Jat et al. International Journal for Equity in Health 2011 10:59 doi:10.1186/1475-9276-10-59 |
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